Sources and methods · where the numbers come from

Where do the numbers come from?

The site’s 14 data pages use 7 official sources: the State budget comes from the MEF (BDAP), public debt and European comparisons from Eurostat, household wealth from the Banca d’Italia.

The numbers used on the site are collected in portal files, called snapshots. Here you can check where they come from, what they measure and when we read them.

Question 1 of 3

Where do the site’s numbers come from?

Official data sources → pages of the site7 sources → 14 pagesThe table links each source to the pages that use its data.
Official sourcePages
MEF · Ragioneria Generale dello Stato (BDAP) The State budget: final forecasts, payments and collectionsThe accounts · Planned vs spent · Public debt
Eurostat Debt, growth, jobs, taxes, pensions, inequality and spending of EU countries; wages, consumption and residentsPublic debt · Pensions · Regions · Europe · Jobs · Growth · Tax burden · The journey of a euro · Inequality
Banca d’Italia Household wealthWealth
MEF · Dipartimento delle Finanze Declared income and IRPEFMy taxes · Income
Conti Pubblici Territoriali · Presidenza del Consiglio Public revenue and spending attributed to the regionsRegions
Commissione europea · Bollettino petrolifero settimanale The price of petrol, with and without taxesThe journey of a euro
ISTAT Consumer prices, for “In today’s euros”The accounts · Wealth
Presidenza del Consiglio · the governments Start and end of governmentsGrowth · Tax burden
Normattiva and EUR-Lex · the laws The rules on VAT and excise dutiesThe journey of a euro

The last two rows are references: government dates and laws. They are not included in the count of data sources.

Page by page: data used, what it measures and files
The accountsDoes revenue cover spending?
Planned vs spentHow much of the authorised amount was paid?
Public debtHow much debt do we have, and who holds it?
PensionsHow much do pensions weigh?
RegionsWhich territories contribute more than they receive?
EuropeIs Italian public spending higher than in other EU countries?
  • General government spending as % of GDP, in total and by function, in the 27 countries and the EU-27

    Eurostat: gov_10a_exp  · file europe.json

JobsHow many people are employed in Italy?
  • Employment rate aged 15 to 64, by quarter, Italy and EU-27, women and men

    Eurostat: lfsi_emp_q  · file come-va.json

  • Activity rate aged 15 to 64 (people working, or looking for work and available), to distinguish unemployed and inactive people

    Eurostat: lfsi_emp_q  · file come-va.json

GrowthAre we growing as much as other countries?
Tax burdenHow much do taxes and contributions weigh on GDP?
My taxesHow much IRPEF is reported relative to declared income?
The journey of a euroHow much of €100 in labour cost ends up in the basket?
IncomeHow is reported income distributed?
WealthHow much does an Italian household own?
InequalityHow far apart are high and low incomes?

Map written by the portal from the snapshots’ metadata: dataset codes, official addresses, years and reading dates come from the files; the line saying what each dataset measures is the portal’s. The code leads to the dataset’s official page, the file name to the portal’s snapshot.

  1. Question 2 of 3

    What do they measure, and what is left out?

    Before comparing two numbersWho, what, whenCheck who is counted, what is measured and the year. Each source has different limits.
    ScopeWhat is left out
    State budgetMEF · BDAPFinal forecasts, payments and collections are different moments: authorised spending is not spending paid. It is the State budget, not that of all general government: Regions, municipalities and social security funds are left out.
    General government in EU countriesEurostatDebt of the State, local authorities and social security funds. Comparisons use the same definitions and the latest common year. The pages flag revised data and changes in method.
    Household wealthBanca d’ItaliaHomes, savings and other assets, minus debts. This is net wealth, not the year’s income. Euros of each year, without inflation adjustment; experimental statistics from Banca d’Italia.
    Tax returnsMEF · Dipartimento delle FinanzeTaxpayers, not all residents. Total declared income, not take-home pay; the flat-rate and advantage regimes (form LM) are excluded.
    TerritoriesConti Pubblici TerritorialiRevenue and spending of all general government attributed to the regions. Their difference and the per-resident values are portal calculations. They do not measure the quality of services.
    The journey of a euroEurostat and European CommissionA standard case: a single person on the average wage (the total divided by the workers), with average consumer spending. It is not a real person’s payslip.
    PricesISTAT“In today’s euros” uses the consumer price index: the revaluation is a portal calculation, and the “as published” figure stays the source’s.

    A rate is not a count, a GDP index is not GDP per head, and two series moving together do not show that one causes the other.

    Details, method and source

    These explanations are written by the portal. Each page gives the limits of its data and links to the sources, with their official names.

  2. Question 3 of 3

    How can I check them?

    From the source to the portal fileOpen the fileThese JSON files are extracts prepared by the portal. They contain the values used on the site, source codes and links, and the date we read them. Each page also offers a table of its numbers.
    FileSource, reading date and pages
    state-account.jsonMEF · Ragioneria Generale dello Stato (BDAP) Read on 29 October 2026. Some breakdowns are unavailable because the MEF file has missing amounts. Published totals remain available; gaps are marked in the portal’s file and are not zero. Pages: The accounts · Public debt
    inflation.jsonISTAT Series kept by hand by the portal from ISTAT data, up to 2025. Pages: The accounts · Wealth
    execution.jsonMEF · Ragioneria Generale dello Stato (BDAP) Read on 29 October 2026. Pages: Planned vs spent
    debt.jsonEurostat Read on 29 October 2026. Pages: Public debt
    europe-debt.jsonEurostat Read on 29 October 2026. Pages: Public debt
    pensions.jsonEurostat Read on 30 October 2026. Pages: Pensions
    territorial-accounts.jsonConti Pubblici Territoriali · Presidenza del Consiglio  · Eurostat Read on 29 October 2026. Pages: Regions
    europe.jsonEurostat Read on 29 October 2026. Pages: Europe
    come-va.jsonEurostat  · Presidenza del Consiglio · the governments Read on 29 October 2026. Pages: Jobs · Growth · Tax burden
    irpef.jsonMEF · Dipartimento delle Finanze Read on 29 October 2026; published by the source on 23 April 2026. Pages: My taxes
    euro-journey.jsonEurostat  · Commissione europea · Bollettino petrolifero settimanale  · Normattiva and EUR-Lex · the laws Read on 29 October 2026. Pages: The journey of a euro
    income.jsonMEF · Dipartimento delle Finanze Read on 29 October 2026; published by the source on 23 April 2026. Pages: Income
    wealth.jsonBanca d’Italia Read on 29 October 2026. Pages: Wealth
    inequality.jsonEurostat Read on 29 October 2026. Pages: Inequality

    Shares, differences, per-resident values and inflation adjustments are portal calculations. Each page distinguishes them from the numbers published by the sources.

    Technical words, from “final forecast” to “median”, are explained in the glossary.